The Love Connection Of James Cameron s Titanic - 1374 Words

The Love Connection in James Cameron’s Titanic: I’m Flying Titanic is a 1997 American romance film that was directed, written and co-produced by James Cameron based on the notorious sinking of the RMS Titanic in the early morning of April 15, 1912 in the North Atlantic Ocean. The sinking occurred when the ship came in contact with an iceberg during the voyage from Southampton to New York City. Throughout the film, there are two lovers that become the protagonists of the film, a young man Jake (Leonardo DiCaprio) of low social status, without any agenda in life who won a ticket to the ship out of a lucky poker hand. On the other hand, there is a woman Rose (Kate Winslet) of a high social class who feels very contained. They are both on a ship named the RMS Titanic, heading to New York City. This is where almost the entire movie and the story is set. The overall plot of Titanic was to display the pride and joy everyone had in 1912 while witnessing the largest moving objec t cruise across the water at that time, but while the story progressed it quickly got triumphed with horror and sadness. During this time the RMS Titanic was such of a huge milestone in the society because something built with such enormous magnitude was going to be cruising across the water which wasn’t common at all. While adding another layer to the interesting story of the notorious sinking of the Titanic, James Cameron wanted to inviteShow MoreRelatedMarxism in Titanic3038 Words   |  13 PagesCritical   Evaluation   of   Marxism   in   Titanic   Ã¢â‚¬â€œ   Stephanie   Kiewel   Ã¢â‚¬â€œ   Critical   Appraisal   Film   5010   Ã¢â‚¬â€œ   Dec.   2013       The   film   Titanic   used   to   be   the   most   successful   film   of   all   times.   The   romantic    disaster   movie   was   released   in   1997.   It   deals   with   both   the   historical   catastrophe    where   1,517   passengers   lost Read MoreLove and Sacrifice in Literature2318 Words   |  10 PagesThe concepts of love and sacrifice are closely related and feature consistently throughout literature. To study the relationship between these ideas in more depth I have selected a range of texts over an extensive time period, these include Romeo and Juliet by Sir William Shakespeare, Titanic by James Cameron, Saint Joan by Bernard Shaw and Snow Falling on Cedars by David Guterson. The different eras that these texts explore will be instrumental in establishing the type of connection the two conceptsRead MoreFilm As A Social Icon3306 Words   |  14 Pagesthought of. The 90’s and the 2000’s were a time where many films began pushing limits to make audiences more aware. Juno (2007) is one of the films that is very telling about a specific time period, but again, pushes the limits on what audiences are used to watching. Juno deals with the common issues that we see in the world today, like an unexpected teenage pregnancy. In other eras previous to the 2000’s sex was a taboo subject matter that not many people talked about, in the 1950’s married couples

Profile of My Mother - 1755 Words

Getting to know my Mom It took me eighteen years to spend some quality time with my mother and discover what an incredible journey she has had with my brothers and me. She is the kind of person who has always been very involved with all parts of our daily lives. In fact, she was the kind of mother who always had time for her three sons, worked full-time and had time to devote to community projects too. Her energy and enthusiasm for all of these things seemed endless and she always tried to teach the three of us to see the value in the idea of giving back to the community. I was always glad that she was present at my games and supported me through school, but it took me over a decade to learn what motivated her to be so†¦show more content†¦My mother also says, â€Å"...I am pretty sure God intended for me to have sons. I am more of a tomboy than I am barbie doll. I am sure I would not have done well teaching a daughter how to do all the girlie things. Not to mention, when my nieces were little, I noticed the drama began very early on and they talked incessantly.† Of course she winks and grins with these remarks. She was like a second mother to my cousins and loves them dearly. As much as she is quick to point out the reasons she loved having sons and why they are so easy to raise, there is more to this story. I can t count the times she has asked all of us why we need to scratch ourselves all of the time. This is not something females understand. It is not something males really want or feel they need to explain because it is just what we do. She can laugh about it and enjoyed imitating us and asking if we would like to see her walking around the house in her underwear scratching or fondling her parts. My mother was less tolerant of another brotherly trait – squabbling. That was another part of our dynamic which just seemed normal to my brothers and me. We just liked to agitate each other. 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Skil Corporation Free Essays

INSTITUTE OF BUSINESS MANAGEMENT SKIL CORPORATION CASE ANALYSIS STRATEGIC MANAGEMENT SECTION: C ASSIGNMENT #: 3 INSTRUCTOR: ABDUL QADIR MOLVI DATE: 12TH MARCH, 2013 Q1. What is your analysis of structure of possible Electric Power Tool Industry? According to the Porter’s Five Forces Analysis the industry is moderately attractive. Q2. We will write a custom essay sample on Skil Corporation or any similar topic only for you Order Now How the industry structure is changing? Are these changes for better or worse? The power tool industry consisted of portable and stationary tools with wide range of sizes prices and qualities. The industry was becoming increasingly segmented by price point, with each point representing a certain level of quality. The power tools were broadly divided into two categories; professional/industrial and consumer. The professional tools were superior in quality and therefore were sold at higher prices and greater gross margins than the consumer tools. However, as the consumer tools were becoming more sophisticated and of better quality the distinction between both the categories started to blur. As technology was improving the trends of usage of power tools changed (corded tools were replaced by cordless ones). The other improvement was the availability of lighter materials (aluminum, magnesium and plastic). This helped in lowering the costs of production. Also, energy efficient tools were developed and safety was emphasized as an area of development. All the occurring changes reflected growth potential in the power tool industry. Some of the changing factors which indicated the potential for development, betterment and growth of the industry include the increasing emphasis on quality, safety, more energy efficient products, advancements in technology and wide ranges of product with varying prices. Q3. What was Skil’s competitive strategy in 1979? How would you evaluate its relative position? In 1979 Skil Corporation had 76 company owned service centers and 427 authorized service stations throughout United States. It followed a lower-priced tools strategy for its consumers. Also, it differed in its strategy while catering to each country’s (where it exported or manufactured) particular needs. The corporation encouraged its’ engineers to aggressively develop new models and strive for the best product performance. Skil hardly advertised its products and relied mostly on product publicity. It catered to both professional and consumer markets. Initially, circular saws were strongest product among the contractor supply channel because of the industry standard for a professional saw which any other competitor did not match. The circular saws remained Skil’s strongest product area. The evaluation of Skil Corporation’s relative position indicates that it was focusing on new products in existing markets. In short, it was inclined towards new product development. Q4. What strategic options does Skil Corporation have? According to the analysis of Porter’s Five Competitive Forces Model the industry was moderately attractive. On the other hand we can also notice that the competition was extremely fierce in the industry by analyzing the brand shares given in the case: Company| Percentage| Black Decker| 31. 1%| Makita| 11. 1%| Bosch| 10. 7%| Hitachi| 8. 3%| Skil| 7. 1%| AEG| 5. 0%| Singer| 4. 3%| Miiwaukee| 3. 5%| Matabo| 2. 8%| Rockwell| 1. 9%| In this situation it’s not just merely selection and implementation of a strategy that matters but also the right selection (out of the options) and adequate implementation along with follow-up. Following were the strategic options for Skil Corporation: * To go for mergers acquisitions in order to increase sales and profitability. To use defensive strategies in order to put obstacles in the path of would-be challengers and fortify the company’s present position while undertaking actions to dissuade rivals from even trying to attack. * To use best-cost strategy. This strategy would have enabled Skil to create strong market presence by giving buyers more value for the money. * To go for divestment. Q5. What strategy will you recommend to Skil Corporation? Skil can gain its strong position back in the market if it follows certain strategies such as: * Focusing on a particular segment or broadening its distribution horizon to more than just the departmental stores. In short, Skil’s relative position in the market of only around 7% share (1979) is clearly due to the company trying to please more markets than it is capable of and hence, focus and integration could ensure a better position to an extent. * Considerably more spend on consumer advertising. According to the figures shown in Exhibit 2, it is quite evident that the advertising spend of Black Decker in 1978 was approximately 300% more than Skil Corp. How to cite Skil Corporation, Papers Skil Corporation Free Essays string(65) " Product improvement in portable power tools took several forms\." Harvard Business School 9-389-005 op y September 15, 1988 Skil Corporation On March 23, 1979, Emerson Electric Company acquired Skil Corporation, a manufacturer of portable power tools, for $58 million. With sales of $2. 6 billion in 1979, Emerson Electric produced a broad range of electrical and electronic products and systems. We will write a custom essay sample on Skil Corporation or any similar topic only for you Order Now tC Emerson Electric Company Emerson Electric, originally a manufacturer of electric motors and fans, had gradually expanded into a broad range of consumer and industrial products. It classified its businesses into commercial and industrial components and systems; consumer goods (including portable electric tools); and government and defense products (see Table A). Table A Sales and Pretax Income of Emerson Electric by Business Segments ($ millions) 1978 Pretax Income No Sales Commercial and industrial Consumer Government and defense Intercompany sales $1,380 698 176 (20) $201 123 21 1979 Sales Pretax Income $1,570 865 199 (20) $232 141 24 Source: Company annual reports Emerson’s business units manufactured products principally in electrical and electronic fields, such as electric motors, controls, drives, and heating, ventilating, and air conditioning equipment. The company also manufactured power chain saws, gas cutting and welding equipment, vacuum cleaners, bench power tools (which it sold to Sears), and other consumer goods. Do With a stated goal of being the so-called best-cost producer in as many of its markets as possible, Emerson stressed cost reduction. Emerson defined best cost as the lowest-cost producer of high-quality products, making its products a superior customer value. Each division was measured on growth and return on invested capital. Cheng G. Ong wrote this case in collaboration with Professor Michael E. Porter on the basis of published materials and interviews with company executives. It is intended as a basis for class discussion rather than to illustrate effective or ineffective handling of an administrative situation. Copyright  © 1988 by the President and Fellows of Harvard College. To order copies or request permission to reproduce materials, call 1-800-545-7685 or write Harvard Business School Publishing, Boston, MA 02163. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, used in a spreadsheet, or transmitted in any form or by any means—electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise—without the permission of Harvard Business School. 1 Copying or posting is an infringement of copyright. Permissions@hbsp. harvard. edu or 617-783-7860. 389-005 Skil Corporation op y Emerson had embarked on a program of acquisitions to meet its aggressive goals of growing sales 15% annually and doubling earnings by 1981. Previously, Emerson had acquired only financially successful companies and had retained existing management. With the Skil acquisition, it broke precedent. Carried by a highly profitable electronic switch company, Skil had registered mediocre financial performance. Because of Emerson’s major position in the chain saw industry with its Beaird-Poulan Division, for antitrust reasons Emerson had to divest Skil’s $20 million in chain saw sales on acquiring Skil. From Emerson’s perspective, Skil was a turnaround situation. Chuck Knight, CEO of Emerson, wondered if Skil would represent a successful new diversification approach or prove that Emerson’s past acquisition philosophy had been correct. Jim Hardymon and Bill Davis, Emerson veterans installed as Skil’s new president and marketing vice president, had a more pressing problem. Faced with stiff competition from Black Decker, Sears, and emerging Japanese competitors, Hardymon and Davis had to forge a new strategic direction. tC The Portable Power Tool Industry The power tool industry consisted of portable and stationary tools powered by electricity, gasoline, or air. Stationary tools such as table saws, band saws, radial arm saws, large grinders, and sanders were large, heavy units mounted on floor stands. Portable tools were hand held and mostly powered by an electric motor. The gasoline-powered chain saw was one of the few portable tools with a nonelectric engine. Pneumatic power was largely restricted to automotive tools such as grinders, buffers, impact wrenches, drills, and hammers. In 1979, portable electric power tools accounted for the majority of industry volume. No Portable electric power tools came in a wide range of sizes, prices, and qualities. Principal products were saws (circular, reciprocating, sabre, or jig); drills (corded or cordless, regular or hammer); and sanders (disc, orbital, belt, or combined sander/grinders). Other products included outers, planes, roto hammers, impact wrenches, polishers, and screwdrivers. Exhibit 1 shows domestic U. S. sales of portable tools by type of tool. A typical company product line consisted of about 200 tools plus accessories, for which a variety of sizes and price points were available. The portable power tool market was becoming increasingly segmented by price point. Circular saws, for example, ran ged in price from $24. 99 to $199. 99 with typically 20 price points in between, each point designating a certain level of quality, durability, horsepower, and other product features. A typical manufacturer had 15 models. Do Portable electric power tools were used primarily for woodworking, metalworking, or automotive repair. Power tools could be broadly divided into professional (also called industrial) and consumer categories. Professional tools were designed for heavy-duty use and had higher horsepower and a longer useful life. They were markedly superior in quality and precision to those designed for the consumer market. For example, the gears for a professional saw were made of steel, whereas consumer saw gears were made from powdered metal, a lower-strength material. Professional tools sold at higher prices and gross margins than consumer tools. For example, while a professional drill retailed at $100 or more, a consumer drill typically cost less than $50. The average gross margin for a consumer drill was 37% compared with 45% for a professional drill. Within both markets, the range of price, quality, and size gradations was wide. As consumer tools were becoming more sophisticated and of higher quality, however, the traditional distinction between consumer and professional tools was blurring. As a result, more and more tradespeople and other professionals were buying consumer tools, especially in developing countries where both markets were served through the same channels. Copying or posting is an infringement of copyright. Permissions@hbsp. harvard. edu or 617-783-7860. Skil Corporation 389-005 op y Product improvement in portable power tools took several forms. You read "Skil Corporation" in category "Papers" First was the use of battery power. Although the first cordless drill, driven by nickel cadmium batteries, was int roduced in the early 1960s, cordless tools did not become commercially successful until the early 1970s. Cordless tools were generally less powerful than corded ones because of the limits of battery power and lightweight motors. They were generally regarded as consumer tools. As battery technology improved, professionals began using cordless tools for quick â€Å"touch-up† jobs while using corded professional tools for the main job. By the late 1970s, sales of cordless tools were growing rapidly. tC The second improvement was the availability of lighter materials, such as aluminum, magnesium, and plastic. For example, Skil and Black Decker, leading U. S. competitors, had pioneered the use of high-strength plastic in consumer tools and had lowered their costs significantly. Tools were also being redesigned for improved ergonomics and balance. Japanese and European manufacturers had taken the lead in creating tools with better-fitting handles and improved gripping surfaces, thus providing better control for the user. Producers were also designing tools to be more energy efficient. Safety was the final area of development. Saws and other tools increasingly had features such as impact resistance, safety switches, and guards. Typically, using a team of four to six engineers, the design development for a new tool took two to four years, at a cost of $200,000 to $700,000 a year. Manufacturing a new model required $250,000 to $800,000 in tooling. Buyers No Professional buyers of tools were a highly diverse group that included metalworkers, building contractors, carpenters, plumbers, electricians, and farmers. They were concerned with performance, quality, durability, and service. They were very knowledgeable about portable electric power tools, which were often the primary tools used in the professional’s work. Tradespeople frequently purchased what they perceived as the best individual tool of each type and were only moderately influenced by the brand name. Portable electric power tools were also used in manufacturing firms for production activities and plant maintenance. Users in factories were generally less concerned than tradespeople about a tool’s quality and generally purchased whichever brand was available at their supply stores. Sales to the professional segment were growing steadily at 8% per year. Do Consumers were mainly hobbyists and do-it-yourselfers who bought mostly drills and circular saws. Consumer users tended to be more price conscious than professionals and more susceptible to brand advertising and promotions. The consumer segment had grown rapidly in the early 1970s and by 1979 accounted for half the U. S. power tool market. The growth rate for consumer tools varied greatly by individual product category. For example, between 1978 and 1979 alone, sales of cordless tools grew 50%. In the United Kingdom, the do-it-yourself market was growing at 23% annually and the industrial market, at about 2%. The do-it-yourself market in Europe was projected to grow at a similar rate. In 1979, the portable electric power tool market was approaching $2,350 million worldwide, with about $868 million of that in the United States. Western Europe represented about one-third of the world market and Japan, 12. %. Table B shows the sales distribution of portable electric tools by geographic region. Developed country markets were similar in their channels and product varieties, although safety and electrical standards differed. In Europe, the industrial segment had traditionally dominated, and Black Decker had pioneered the introduction of consumer tools. European tool designs tended to be more stylish than American ones. In E urope, tools were used primarily on concrete, and in the United States, on wood. 3 Copying or posting is an infringement of copyright. Permissions@hbsp. harvard. edu or 617-783-7860. 389-005 World Portable Electric Power Tool Market in 1979 (sales by geographic region) Region Dollar sales United States Western Europe Japan/Far East Latin America Canada Australia Other Total 37. 0% 34. 5 12. 5 3. 7 3. 1 2. 2 7. 0 100. 0% Units 40. 0% 32. 2 12. 5 3. 3 3. 3 2. 2 6. 5 100. 0% Channels op y Table B Skil Corporation No tC There were 15 separate distribution channels for power tools, ranging from specialized industrial outlets to mass merchandisers. Exhibit 1 gives estimated sales and growth rate by channel. Traditionally, industrial suppliers supplied professionals with their job needs and carried a broad range of higher-priced tools. Consumer channels such as hardware stores and mass merchandisers carried tools for consumers. With the advent of the do-it-yourself market in the mid-1970s, consumers also began shopping at more industrial channels such as lumber and building materials supply stores. These do-it-yourself consumers demanded higher quality and more features in their tools. By 1979, these stores were being partially displaced by home centers, which catered to both professionals and consumers. A substantial volume of professional tools was increasingly sold through consumer channels. There were significant product and price point overlaps between the high-price consumer channels and the contractor and mill supply outlets. Industrial channels included plumbing supply, electrical supply, contractor supply, automotive repair, tool rental, mill supply, and lumber/building materials supply outlets. Consumer channels included mass merchandisers, hardware stores, home centers, and new outlets such as catalog showrooms and buying clubs. Consumer channels had not developed fully outside the United States and Europe but were emerging in Japan. Industrial channels generally purchased directly from manufacturers; consumer channels were served direct, through wholesalers, or via buying groups. Both types of channels provided customer assistance, while manufacturers supplied service and repairs through company service centers. Fast service was a strong factor in stimulating sales, especially to tradespeople who relied on their tools for their livelihoods. Do Industrial Channels Contractor supply. In 1979, there were about 750 contractor supply stores in the United States. These stores supplied building contractors with a variety of products, ranging from fasteners and tools to generators and building materials. This channel stocked a complete line of portable power tools from many different manufacturers, including at least the top two brands for each tool. Usually independent or part of small chains, contractor supply outlets purchased portable power tools directly from manufacturers. It was a common practice for manufacturers to train the contractor supply outlet’s sales force in selling their new tools to tradespeople and contractors at job sites. Portable electric power tools represented 20% to 30% of a contractor supply outlet’s total business and were generally priced below tools sold through other industrial channels. Mill supply. Mill supply stores were usually small, independent outlets buying directly from manufacturers. In 1979, there were about 1,100 mill supply houses in the United States. These outlets 4 Copying or posting is an infringement of copyright. Permissions@hbsp. harvard. edu or 617-783-7860. Skil Corporation 389-005 op y carried a broad line of products for factories, ranging from food to work clothes to tools. Although power tools comprised only 1% to 2% of total sales for mill supply stores, they were the most important channel for portable electric power tool sales to factories. Mill supply stores carried a limited line of portable power tools, selecting their assortment from only a couple of manufacturers. They sold mostly drills and grinders for metalworking and maintenance. Mill supply stores expected fast delivery of tools from manufacturers since customers often purchased tools on the spur of the moment. Portable power tools were usually sold at abovemarket prices. tC Tool specialists. The 300 tool specialists in the United States were mostly independent single outlets whose primary buyer groups were general contractors and manufacturing workers. In 1979, sales of portable power tools were $45 million, growing at an estimated 5% annually. Tool specialists carried the greatest number of product lines, especially low-volume tools. The tools carried were usually the brand leader, high-priced, of professional quality, and sold at prices similar to those of contractor supply outlets. Electric-powered tools constituted about 30% of total sales. Plumbing and electrical supply outlets. In 1979, there were about 700 plumbing and 1,800 electrical supply outlets in the United States. Although several electrical supply chains were large and some were consolidating, plumbing and electrical supply outlets were usually small, independent stores; Graybar, Westinghouse, and General Electric maintained national electrical distributorships. These outlets carried a limited line of high-priced tools, especially reciprocating saws and drills, for sale to plumbers and electricians, respectively. Tools represented a minor (1% to 2%) portion of their total business. These outlets normally stocked only one or two brands and bought directly from the manufacturers. No Lumber/building materials supply outlets. These outlets stocked products similar to those in contractor supply stores, but concentrated more on materials. They carried a limited line of portable electric tools, those most in demand by contractors. Automotive distributors. These distributors supplied a wide range of products to the automotive service industry. The portable power tools they carried, such as grinders and impact wrenches, represented less than 1% of total sales. Tool and equipment rental outlets. These outlets rented higher-priced tools such as roto hammers and large sanders to tradespeople, contractors, or do-it-yourselfers for the occasional job. There were a few national rental companies. Consumer Channels Do Mass merchandisers. Department stores such as Sears, J. C. Penney, and Montgomery Ward and discount merchandisers like K Mart were the largest sellers of portable power tools, accounting for almost 40% of U. S. consumer portable power tool sales in 1979. Sears sold private-label tools under its Craftsman line, which was primarily manufactured by Singer Company. Sears was the most significant single consumer outlet for portable electric power tools. Montgomery Ward and J. C. Penney sold Black Decker, Skil, and Rockwell products under those brands and private labels. Department stores carried low- to mid-price point products for the middle market, while discounters concentrated on low-price point items. Mass merchandisers generally carried a narrow range of branded consumer tools. Sears offered the broadest line of all consumer channels. Sears, for example, stocked six to ten circular saws, while K Mart stocked two. Discount merchants frequently engaged in aggressive promotional campaigns, and tools were often highly discounted, sometimes to the level of the wholesale price of 5 Copying or posting is an infringement of copyright. Permissions@hbsp. harvard. edu or 617-783-7860. 389-005 Skil Corporation op y the tool to a hardware-store. Customer service was generally limited, although Sears offered aftersales service. Hardware stores. Independent hardware stores and chains offered a broad range of consumer tools and accessories, and some professional tools, often from several manufacturers. Hardware stores offered high levels of customer purchase assistance and service. Manufacturers sold direct to hardware chains and buying groups or through wholesalers. In 1979, there were 5,000 hardware stores serviced by 200 wholesalers. Manufacturers frequently engaged in cooperative advertising with this channel. Sales of portable power tools through hardware stores had been static. Home centers. Home centers were an emerging channel in 1979. They carried a wide range of merchandise connected to the home, including tools, lumber, lawn mowers, and general hardware. Home centers carried broad lines of tools at a number of price points but tended to avoid the lowestpriced consumer lines. Home centers offered customer purchase assistance and service. They had partly replaced traditional lumberyards. Other Channels tC Both consumers and professionals shopped at home centers. Consumer-oriented centers carried fewer product lines and lower-priced items than professional home centers or hardware stores. Home centers competed with mass merchandisers for consumer sales. Home center sales were $83 million in 1979 and growing rapidly at 12% to 14% per annum. No Other smaller channels included government supply agencies, military supply stores, catalog showrooms, agricultural and farm supply outlets, premium and incentive supply outlets, hobby stores, and general merchandise stores. Marketing Most companies maintained a sales force to call on the channels. The sales forces provided training to the outlet’s sales teams and demonstrated tools at job sites and in the store. They also maintained the company’s product displays. Tools were sold to each channel using different price lists with different discount structures. High-volume channels could qualify for volume discounts. Cooperative advertising with major channels was a common promotional practice by manufacturers. Catalogs and point-of-sale merchandising at industrial channels supplemented co-op advertisements. All the manufacturers also participated in trade shows. Do Competitors that targeted consumer users engaged in heavy media advertising. Exhibit 2 gives the advertising expenditures of major manufacturers. Manufacturing Portable electric power tools generally consisted of an outer shell, an electric motor, and screw machine parts such as gears and shafts, switches and attachments. The manufacture of portable electric tools involved fabrication and assembly of these components. Parts fabrication technologies included machining, die casting, metal stamping, and heat treatment. The motor housing and tool handle were often made of molded plastic. Professional tools usually had more aluminum diecast parts than consumer tools. Purchased materials, machining, diecasting/ molding, motor win ding and assembly, and final assembly were the most significant costs in manufacturing. Diecasting and molding were subject 6 Copying or posting is an infringement of copyright. Permissions@hbsp. harvard. edu or 617-783-7860. Skil Corporation 389-005 op y to the most significant economies of scale. In-house diecasting and molding reduced costs by about 20% over purchased components. The costs of molding, machining, and diecasting depended on the volume per part. The cost of motor and final assembly was determined by the volume per product family, that is, product lines that could be produced with the same manufacturing process. Purchased materials were the least scale-sensitive of the cost elements, with cost falling by only 3% when volume was doubled. Table C gives an approximate breakdown of manufacturing costs for a typical manufacturer. Table C Breakdown of Manufacturing Costs Consumer Tool 56% 5 5 14 20 100% 43% 25 14 10 8 100% tC Purchased materials Machining Diecasting and molding Motor assembly Final assembly Total Industrial Tool No Manufacturers could achieve significant cost savings through automation. Single-task machines like screw machines and grinders were being replaced by machining systems. A typical machining system cost $400,000, but the cost could be much higher. An automated motor production line cost $3 million and required that a million motors be produced a year to break even. Hitachi, a Japanese competitor, and several European manufacturers had invested heavily in automation and developed lines of tools from common base designs. Table D shows estimates of the percentage of total manufacturing cost, with and without automation, represented by each part of a circular saw with annual production of 100,000 units. Table D Estimates of Manufacturing Costs Saw Without Automation (% Unit Costs) 25. 0% 23. 0 5. 0 2. 0 1. 5 Do Housing Motor Electrical Bearings Packaging With Automation (% Unit Costs) 20. 0% 20. 0 5. 0 2. 0 4. 0 Manufacturers varied in their levels of integration, but none were completely integrated. The largest manufacturers produced attachments such as saw blades or feet for jigsaws, which smaller manufacturers purchased from outside suppliers. No tool manufacturer possessed the technology or scale to produce all the necessary components. Critical components that directly affected the performance of the tool (i. e. , parts that required machining or diecasting) were generally fabricated in-house. Most manufacturers also produced the motor, which consisted of two basic parts, the armature and the field. Proper balancing of the 7 Copying or posting is an infringement of copyright. Permissions@hbsp. harvard. edu or 617-783-7860. 389-005 Skil Corporation op y armature was critical to the performance of a tool. A motor’s power depended on the number and size of the laminations. Because of the high cost of the equipment and the long changeover time per model, lamination stamping was extremely scale-sensitive. A lamination press cost between $750,000 and $1 million, and a set of tooling dies cost $250,000. Production of about 10 million of a particular lamination size was required to break even. Typical motors required 10 to 20 laminations each. Manufacturers could purchase all the main components for power tools from specialized suppliers who sold to a variety of industries. Many supplier industries were mature, and some components were sourced from abroad. The components most often purchased included batteries, direct-current motors, metal stampings, plastic resins and parts, powdered metal parts, switches, cord sets, motor laminations, saw blades, ball bearings, and packaging. The cost of most purchased materials was determined by the overall volume purchased. Table E gives an approximate breakdown of costs as a percentage of sales for a typical manufacturer. Estimated Costs as a Percentage of Sales tC Table E Materials and supplies Direct labor Indirect labor and overhead Advertising expense Sales force expense Competition 35%—53% 6%—8% 10%—22% 4%—10% 4%—8% No In the 1960s and early 1970s, more than 70 manufacturers worldwide made portable electric tools, with approximately 20 located in the United States and the balance in Europe and Japan. Until the mid-1970s, competition in ower tools was largely domestic. Except for Black Decker and Skil, few competitors exported or manufactured abroad. When manufacturers began selling in foreign markets, they differed in their marketing approach to buyers in different countries. U. S. manufacturers produced a different and wider line of products in their foreign plants compared wit h that produced for U. S. sale. Japanese manufacturers tended to offer the same range of products worldwide from plants in Japan. Table F lists the brand share of dollar sales in the world market in 1979. Table F Brand Share of World Portable Electric Power Tool Market, 1979 Company 31. 1% 11. 1 10. 7 8. 3 7. 1 5. 0 4. 3 3. 5 2. 6 1. 9 1. 5 1. 4 1. 0 1. 0 9. 5 Do Black Decker Makita Bosch Hitachi Skil AEG Singer Milwaukee Metabo Rockwell Peugeot Fein Elu Ryobi Others Percentage 8 Copying or posting is an infringement of copyright. Permissions@hbsp. harvard. edu or 617-783-7860. Skil Corporation 389-005 op y In 1979, there were approximately a dozen manufacturers of portable electric power tools competing in the U. S. market. Of these, seven were U. S. companies. Exhibit 3 shows the share of major companies by distribution channel in the United States. Black Decker had a U. S. market share estimated at 40% to 43% of total dollar sales. Sears Roebuck was in second position, with an estimated 16% to 20% market share. Skil was third with about 15%. The balance was held by Milwaukee, Rockwell, small specialist producers, various private-label manufacturers, and some emerging foreign competitors. In the industrial tool segment, Milwaukee was market leader with approximately 25% market share. Black Decker was second with an estimated 20% market share. In third position was Skil with about 15%. Exhibit 4 lists selected financial data for the major U. S. portable electric tool manufacturers. tC Black Decker Manufacturing Company. Black Decker manufactured a broad line of electric and cordless portable power tools, portable air tools, and stationary and gasoline-powered equipment. In the late 1960s, Black Decker moved into lawn care and began manufacturing lawn mowers and hedge trimmers. A chain saw company, McCulloch Corporation, was acquired in 1974. McCulloch began manufacturing moped engines in 1979. In the same year, Black Decker introduced its hand-held rechargeable vacuum cleaner. In 1979, worldwide sales were $1. billion. Portable electric tools represented about 75% of Black Decker’s overall sales. The company’s goal was a yearly 15% growth in sales and earnings per share. In 1979, Black Decker appointed the first person outside the Black and Decker families to head the company. No Black Decker was known as the world’s oldest and largest power tool manufacturer. Black Decker segmented the porta ble power tool industry into consumer and professional markets. Its product line was extremely broad and consisted of 280 models designed specially for either the professional or consumer markets. The company was best known for its consumer drills and industrial sander/grinder. Black Decker’s line was designed around approximately 200 motor sizes. 1 Table G shows Black Decker’s sales by market category. Black Decker sold to virtually all distribution channels, including national merchandisers such as K Mart, J. C. Penney, and Montgomery Ward. It had an extremely strong position in consumer channels, especially in low-priced drills and saws. In industrial channels, Black Decker had established leadership in most product categories in mill upply outlets by focusing on the largest regionally dominant distributors where they were the sole line. The company’s products were in more than 70% of all U. S. homes. In the United Kingdom, Black Decker had a 90% market share. Black Decker’s distribution system involved more than 100,000 outlets worldwide. The company sold direct, through wholesalers to smaller outlets and via its network of 104 company-own ed service centers in the United States and 221 in 45 foreign markets. Black Decker’s service centers were supplemented by several hundred authorized service centers operated by independent local owners. Do Black Decker enjoyed an extremely strong brand reputation among both consumers and industrial users. Black Decker’s tools were priced below most of its competitors’. The company spent heavily on print and prime- time television advertising. Its worldwide advertising budget for 1978 was $47. 3 million, a 20% increase over 1977. Black Decker had 31 plants in 10 countries. The company was largely nonunion, with only one unionized plant. Manufacturing was divided between professional and consumer tools. Each division produced tools for its own market. Black Decker plants were partly automated. The company required a three-year payback on its investment in automation. In 1979, the company began replacing single-task machines with machining systems. The machining system comprised four units, an automatic sawing machine, a facing and centering unit, and two tracers. 1In 1979, Black Decker’s U. K. company had reduced its number of models from 130 tools to 50. 9 Copying or posting is an infringement of copyright. Permissions@hbsp. harvard. edu or 617-783-7860. 389-005 Skil Corporation op y In late 1978, the company began to standardize its motors and armature shafts. Its U. K. plant produced 3. million consumer motors with one standard field lamination and one armature shaft; the different power requirements were achieved through variations in the windings, produced on an automated winding line. Black Decker had developed its own â€Å"production flow† system, a combination of conventional flow-line techniques and group technology, in which machine tools were gr ouped around the production needs of components rather than components distributed among successive production processes. To reduce its work-in-process inventory, the company relied on computerization to organize the flow of parts through its plants. Black Decker first adopted group technology and related automation in the mid-1960s. It applied the technique to the production of 7 ? -inch power handsaws, with a resulting decrease in direct labor from one hour per saw to 30 minutes and a 16% reduction in selling price. Black Decker was one of the most vertically integrated manufacturers in the United States. Table G tC Foreign subsidiaries were responsible for marketing and product development in their markets. Research and development was conducted in the United States and four other countries on a budget exceeding $15 million. Each manufacturing facility had its own engineering staff. Black Decker transacted 60% of its total business outside the United States. Black Decker’s distribution of sales by geographic area is shown in Table G. Distribution of Black Decker Sales By Market Category (percent) 1978 1977 63% 28 9 63% 28 9 1979 1978 1977 1976 1975 $531. 9 480. 0 193. 2 $386. 4 414. 5 159. 0 $311. 4 361. 7 138. 5 $277. 8 334. 5 135. 9 $249. 0 293. 2 111. 7 67% 25 8 No Consumer products Professional products Service 1979 By Geographic Area ($ millions) Europe United States Pacific 1976 63% 26 11 1975 58% 31 1 Source: Black Decker Annual Report, 1979. Do Sears Roebuck Company/Singer Company. Sears Roebuck Company operated 866 retail stores, 1,388 miscellaneous other stores (mostly catalog stores), and 14 catalog merchandise distribution centers. Sears also provided after-sales service at its retail centers. Positioned as a general-line retailer, Sears carried a broad mix of lines directed at t he middle-class customer. Many Sears products were sourced from outside vendors and sold under a variety of Sears brand names. Sears had by far the highest sales of power tools of any single retailer. Sears’ own brand, Craftsman, had been an established trademark for more than 55 years. Craftsman portable power tools were seen as a consumer line and priced moderately. Sears’ excellent reputation for service was a major Sears advantage in selling power tools. Portable power tool sales at Sears had been flat. Singer manufactured all of the portable power tools for Sears, which for more than 40 years had been its sole tool customer in the United States. Singer also produced lawn and garden appliances and floor care products for Sears. In 1979, Singer’s total sales were $2. 9 billion. The company also manufactured sewing machines, furniture, and air conditioning and heating equipment for consumers, and aerospace and marine systems for the government. 10 Copying or posting is an infringement of copyright. Permissions@hbsp. harvard. edu or 617-783-7860. Skil Corporation 389-005 op y Singer manufactured 50 models of portable power tools in two plants. Its pricing was on a known-cost basis. Sears paid Singer an agreed-on markup over its actual costs, which were disclosed to Sears. Sears owned most of the specialized tooling. In 1979, Singer and Sears marketed power tools for the first time in Brazil under both the Craftsman and Singer trademarks. Singer was believed to enjoy above-average profitability in power tools. Rockwell International Corporation. Rockwell International was a diversified company operating in the automotive, aerospace, electronics, energy, graphics, textile, and power tool industries. Rockwell had entered the power tool business in the early 1960s with the acquisition of Porter Cable, a well-respected industrial portable tool manufacturer, and Delta, an industrial stationary tool company. The company then marketed professional tools under the Rockwell label. tC Rockwell’s power tool division was estimated to hold just over 6% of the market. Rockwell tools had been sold through industrial channels until the late 1970s, when the company began marketing a new line of tools to consumers through mass merchandisers, hardware stores, and other retailers. Rockwell’s new product line matched Black Decker’s. Rockwell set out to aggressively grow the business through heavy advertising. The company advertised to end users through comparative advertisements in trade and consumer magazines. Rockwell’s bench top (stationary) power tools became quite popular among consumer users, although progress in portable tools had been modest: Rockwell produced a line of 130 tools in three plants. It had both company-owned service centers and a network of authorized independents throughout the United States and Canada. Components had been standardized so that 80% of the repairs involved 40% of the parts, lessening inventory requirements. Rockwell entered the U. K. market with its line of consumer tools in the late 1970s and suffered losses. In 1979, Rockwell took a $35 million write-off in consumer tools. No Milwaukee Tools. Milwaukee Tools was a subsidiary of Amstar Corporation, the largest producer of sweeteners in the United States, with sales of $1,056. 4 million in 1979. Milwaukee had been producing portable electric tools since 1924 and was acquired by Amstar in 1976. Amstar’s Industrial Products Group consisted of Milwaukee and other companies producing hoists, jacks, fluid joints, couplings, and other industrial tools and equipment. Sweeteners accounted for 84% of Amstar’s sales, although it was seeking greater diversification. Sugar prices were severely depressed in 1979 and were expected to be soft for the next few years. Milwaukee concentrated on tools for the professional market. Its line consisted of about 280 models of portable electric tools manufactured in three plants. The Milwaukee Sawzall and drill were the company’s best-known tools. Milwaukee sold through more than 5,000 distributors in the United States and Canada serving industrial channels. It had a very strong brand image in the professional market and a good position in all industrial channels, especially plumbing and electrical supply outlets. Milwaukee had established a strong position in contractor supply in high-priced drills and reciprocating saws. Milwaukee’s tools were priced above other brands. Do Makita Electric Works Ltd. Makita Electric Works (Japan) was originally a motor repair shop. It entered the power tool market in the 1950s. By 1979, its annual sales approached $250 million, with international sales accounting for about 45%. Makita concentrated on tools for the professional market, especially for woodworking. The company had 250 professional-quality tool models in its product line. There were strong similarities in Makita tools sold in domestic and overseas markets. Makita priced its tools aggressively, sometimes 20% to 30% below prevailing market prices for the normal professional tools. Makita had pioneered the introduction of lower-priced materials on professional tools (for example, plastic versus metal housings). To sell its tools, Makita had to convince users they were as good as conventional tools but less expensive. 11 Copying or posting is an infringement of copyright. Permissions@hbsp. harvard. edu or 617-783-7860. 89-005 Skil Corporation op y Makita manufactured tools in two plants located in Japan. Dedicated equipment manufactured specific product families. The cost-conscious company awarded employees for recommendations on cost savings or new product ideas. In Japan, Makita had 400 salespeople selling directly to retail outlets. Makita’s sales in the U. S. market had grown from less than $10 million in 1976 to approximately $25 million in 19 79. Makita was making a major push for U. S. market share, combining high quality with aggressive pricing. In 1979, Makita sold primarily through industrial channels, although it had an aggressive direct sales force selling at job sites. Robert Bosch Gmbh. Robert Bosch (West Germany) was the second-largest portable electric power tool manufacturer in the world. The company manufactured a variety of products and equipment, ranging from automotive parts to production machinery and systems. In 1979, sales of portable electric power tools were approximately $400 million; $22 million were in the U. S. market. tC Bosch had a very strong position in Europe and distributed through all channels. The company manufactured about 250 models in six plants located throughout Europe. In the United States, the company concentrated on the professional segment. In 1979, it acquired Stanley Tool’s portable power tool business in the United States. Stanley was a strong brand name in routers. Hitachi. Backed by Japan’s largest electrical manufacturer, Hitachi had portable electric power tool sales in 1979 of $175 million, commanding about 40% of the market in Japan. Sales in the United States were less than $1 million. No Hitachi’s power tools were of industrial quality, primarily for metalworking. The company was regarded as an industry leader in several tools. Tools were designed for the world market and manufactured in one plant located in Japan. Others. AEG Telefunken of Germany was an established manufacturer of portable electric power tools in Europe. Ingersoll-Rand, a U. S. manufacturer, also produced portable electric tools under its Millers Falls brand. Skil Corporation Skil Corporation was founded in the 1920s in Chicago. Its original product was the circular saw, which it invented, but gradually it expanded into other power tools. Skil had a long history of introducing new products. It had a number of industry firsts or near firsts to its credit, including an early cordless drill, the first portable electric saw, and the first consumer electric hedge trimmer. Do Skil entered the Canadian market in 1946. In the 1950s, Skil invented the roto hammer but, while retaining manufacturing rights, sold the patents to Hilti, a company in Liechtenstein, to raise cash. In the 1960s, the company began producing lower-priced tools for consumers. During the same period, Skil began manufacturing in Europe and Australia. In the 1970s, the company entered markets in the Far East and Latin America. In the 1960s, Skil developed an electronic switch and formed a new company, Capax, in the Netherlands to produce and supply electronic switches to Skil and other power tool manufacturers. Various competitors soon used electronic variable speed switches to control speed in many tools. The Capax subsidiary was still highly profitable. Since its inception, Skil had been managed by members of one family that had controlling interest in the company. Under increasing competitive pressure, Skil’s financial results had not been 12 Copying or posting is an infringement of copyright. Permissions@hbsp. harvard. edu or 617-783-7860. Skil Corporation 389-005 op y stellar, although reported profitability had improved in recent years. Exhibits 5, 6, and 7 give recent Skil financial results. Products Skil served both the professional and consumer markets. It had a broad product line, including all significant types of tools in numerous shapes and variations at all price points. In the United States, more than 130 models employed 11 motor frame sizes. Skil also had about 150 different European models and about 75 for the rest of the world. Its circular saw line remained Skil’s single strongest product area. The company also had good positions in mid-priced drills and roto hammers. tC Skil engineers were encouraged to aggressively develop new models, and the company strove for the best product performance rather than commonality with other models. New designs were released for manufacturing at one of Skil’s plants. In 1978, Skil had 93 engineers and technicians employed in its research laboratories. Expenditure for research and engineering was approximately $2. 7 million. Skil product designs varied in different countries according to local needs. In circular saws, for example, Skil had seven different U. S. saws, two European versions, two Canadian versions, and two for other export markets, totaling 35 models using 12 different motors worldwide. Skil had a higher percentage of professional tools in its product mix than Black Decker. Skil tools were predominantly metallic, with cut steel gears and metal housings. Channels No Skil sold through all the distribution channels for power tools. Skil was well established in hardware stores and had a strong position in circular saws in contractor supply channels due primarily to a â€Å"worm drive† professional saw that was the industry standard. Skil tools were also sold through department stores. The company’s major domestic accounts were with Montgomery Ward and J. C. Penney, which represented 10% of its sales in the United States. Skil’s sales force serviced all its distributors except the mass merchandisers, who were sold to direct, and hardware stores, which were served through wholesalers. The company had 2,200 customers, including 200 wholesalers, which serviced hardware stores. From the beginning, the company had established service centers throughout the country. In 1979, it had 76 company-owned service centers and 427 authorized service stations throughout the United States. Marketing Do Skil’s 150-person sales force was broadly specialized by channel. Merchandising techniques included self-contained displays that show-cased promotional tools to the consumer. Skil seldom advertised (except in cooperative programs with channels), relying more on product publicity. Occasionally the company sponsored sales promotions and consumer media advertising campaigns in magazines, newspapers, and television. Manufacturing Skil manufactured products in 13 plants throughout North America, Western Europe, and Australia. Plants were dedicated to either component fabrication or assembly. Components plants were generally single-function facilities for such activities as diecasting, screw machining, saw blade manufacture, and motors production. The most popular motor frame size was manufactured in five 13 Copying or posting is an infringement of copyright. Permissions@hbsp. harvard. edu or 617-783-7860. 389-005 Skil Corporation op y plants located in four countries, with annual production ranging from 50,000 units to 800,000 units per plant. Annual motor production in other frame sizes varied from 12,000 units to 870,000 units per plant. In the United States (Illinois, Arkansas, and New York), three feeder plants produced components and four manufacturing plants produced different products. The Netherlands had two plants, one for electronic switches, as did Canada; Australia and Brazil (a joint venture) had one each. Skil plants were partly automated with motor winding lines and some machining centers. Skil’s newest plant in Heber Springs, Arkansas, had opened in 1979. International Do No tC Skil sold tools on a worldwide basis, with its greatest international strength in Europe. The company’s worldwide operations were divided into three regions: the United States, Europe, and Other. Each was autonomous and had plants that produced the full product line for that region. A network of country managers was responsible for sales and service in each country. 14 Copying or posting is an infringement of copyright. Permissions@hbsp. harvard. edu or 617-783-7860. Skil Corporation U. S. Portable Electric Power Tool Market in 1979: Product Sales by Distribution Channel ($ millions) Consumer Mass Merchandisers Circular saws Drills—corded Drills—cordless Jigsaws Orbital sanders Belt sanders Roto hammers Sander/grinders Planes Miscellaneous Parts/service Total Percentage growth $ 40 36 3 21 19 11 — 6 2 29 22 $189 2%–4% Industrial Hardware/ Home Centers $ 37 37 9 12 7 6 — 3 1 37 42 $191 Mill Supply Contractor Supply Plumbing/ Electrical $ 20 46 2 3 5 8 4 26 1 14 15 $144 2%–3% $ 36 32 3 3 2 8 6 0 2 11 12 $135 2%–3% $2 25 2 2 1 1 3 2 — 13 11 $ 62 2%–3% Others/ Service Total $8 19 1 1 3 1 19 2 — 18 75 $147 $143 195 20 42 37 35 32 59 6 122 177 $868 Do No tC Product op y Exhibit 1 389-005 15 Copying or posting is an infringement of copyright. Permissions@hbsp. harvard. edu or 617-783-7860. 389-005 U. S. National Consumer Advertising of P ortable Electric Tools by Leading Manufacturers, 1975–1979 ($ thousands) 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 $2,613. 5 178. 7 1,793. 5 590. 1 51. 2 $4,479. 3 — 3,506. 1 973. 2 — $6,487. 6 12. 8 6,339. 4 135. 4 — $6,208. 3 — 5,560. 1 648. 2 — $1,222. 258. 4 345. 3 618. 3 — — $870. 6 318. 6 — 396. 0 — 156. 0 $2,147. 3 761. 4 1,252. 7 77. 0 — 56. 2 $320. 5 217. 7 — 102. 8 — — $1,038. 5 270. 8 767. 7 — — — $1,769. 8 584. 4 1,169. 7 — 15. 7 — $2,541. 7 950. 1 1,425. 2 — 164. 6 1. 8 $3,808. 1 926. 4 1,608. 2 1,163. 8 109. 7 — $4,252. 7 699. 8 2,712. 2 771. 2 69. 5 — $940. 3 106. 4 256. 9 577. 0 — — $1,800. 4 153. 6 — 1,645. 0 — 1. 8 $852. 7 — — 848. 2 — 4. 5 $1,342. 2 — 1,217. 7 13. 8 110. 7 $2,724. 9 99. 9 1,839. 3 699. 9 85. 8 Rockwell Total Magazines Network TV Spot TV Outdoor Newspaper $1, 396. 8 434. 2 927. 9 33. 3 1. 4 — No tC Black Decker Total Magazines Network TV Spot TV Newspapers Sears Total Magazines Network TV Spot TV Radio Outdoor op y Exhibit 2 Skil Corporation Skil Total Magazines Network TV Spot TV Radio Outdoor — — — — — — Source: Leading National Advertisers, Inc. , â€Å"National Advertising Investments. † Includes companies spending $25,000 or more on the combination of national magazines, newspaper supplements, network TV, network radio, spot TV, and outdoor advertising. The data do not include cooperative advertising by retailers, the cost of which is shared by manufacturers. Do Note: No data on advertising expenditures for portable electric tools were available for Bosch, Milwaukee, and Makita. 16 Copying or posting is an infringement of copyright. Permissions@hbsp. harvard. edu or 617-783-7860. Skil Corporation U. S. Portable Electric Power Tool Market in 1979: Brand Sales by Distribution Channel ($ millions) op y Exhibit 3 389-005 Hardware/ Home Centers Skil Black Decker Milwaukee Rockwell Bosch AEG Millers Falls Makita Hilti Singer Wen Total $8 54 — 9 — — — — — 107 11 $189 $ 44 115 6 14 — — — 2 — — 10 $191 Mill Supply $ 12 93 11 13 7 3 2 3 — — — $144 Contractor Supply Plumbing/ Electrical Others/ Service Total $ 26 36 33 11 10 3 5 11 — — — $135 $1 13 35 2 3 2 2 4 — — — $62 $ 15 63 10 5 5 2 1 4 32 9 1 $147 $106 374 95 54 25 10 10 24 32 116 22 $868 Do No tC Company Mass Merchandisers 17 Copying or posting is an infringement of copyright. Permissions@hbsp. harvard. edu or 617-783-7860. 389-005 Selected Financial Information on Portable Electric Tool Manufacturers ($ millions) 1976 Black Decker Sales Net income ROS % Debt/equity % ROE % Capital expenditures 1978 811. 7 51. 7 6. 4 0. 22 13. 4 29. 4 959. 9 66. 2 6. 9 0. 20 15. 6 38. 3 1,205. 0 94. 4 7. 8 How to cite Skil Corporation, Papers

Causes and Effects of Violation Essay Sample free essay sample

Misdemeanor is another term for an offense or an misdemeanor. All of these footings by and large mean an act of Disobeying a jurisprudence or a legal order. There are several classs of misdemeanor that exist at assorted degrees Of the legal system. Perpetrating misdemeanor can ensue in a assortment of effects dependeing on the type of disobedient behaviour A misdemeanor is a incorrect making or some tpye of noncompliance. Everyone is by and large bound by the Torahs in the legal power when they are. Where a individual is determines what is or is non a misdemeanor. There may be Torahs that exist in one legal power that do non be in another. When a individual acts illicitly he violates the jurisprudence and may be held accountable. This is frequently true even if the person did non cognize that the jurisprudence existed when he broke it. In some cases. sincere. error. even when illegal. are unmarked or excused. There is a broad scope of effects for misdemeanor. nevertheless. and which effects are imposed by and large depends on several factors Another factor considered is the figure of old misdemeanors a individual has or how many he comitted on a given juncture. When a individual commits excessively many misdemeanors. It can look to governments that he has blazing neglect for the jurisprudence. This can ensue in dad individual being subjected to severe effects he otherwise would non digest Vioalation is the act or action violating or the quality or province of being violated. It is when a individual where did non follow the regulations and ordinance makes him a lawbreaker. Misdemeanor is besides conducted when a individual did non follow to a certain regulations that was made to do a individual become responsible. Rules and ordinance is a common papers in which pupils. instructor. managers of survey. caput of section etc. Will happen their rights and duties describeb the university and its activities are determined by a general set of ordinance where in peculiar. The higher instruction act and the higher instruction regulation should be reference. The purpose of the regulations and ordinance in this construct is to be more precise and complement the present general ordinances. The principle behind the regulations and ordinance that is that they should work as a support in our twenty-four hours to twenty-four hours work. The regulations and ordinance are bases on the fact that the university has a duty towards it’s pupils and staff at the same clip. Torahs are non how of all time. the lone manner a person’s behaviour can be lawfully dictated. There are some governments that do non do Torahs but which have the authorization to publish order. For illustration. a worker at the section of child support enforcement. Can order a non tutelary parent to pay a certain sum in child support each month. If this individual does non adhere to this order. a misdemeanor is comitted and acquire legal action can be taken The same is true in case where people are placed o probation. The footings of one person’s probation may differ from those of another inidividual. Each set of orders. nevertheless. is lawfully binding and refusal to follow any one of them is a misdemeanor. These types of misdemeanors can frequently ensue in effects similar to misdemeanor where Torahs are broken. Misdemeanor is besides one of the negative mark that an specific pupil has no ego subject. As we all know to go a successful seaman we have to develope our ego subject. Are the pupil cognizant that if we want to go globally competitory we have to make the criterion of a qualified seamans and one of the most of import is subject. There are some survey that why pupil CME from DCLC has the most major misdemeanor? Survey shows that they came from different colleges thats is non much concern about pupil attitude and consciousness of their ain institute. Some pupil state us its all about â€Å"PAKISAMA† these means that one of the ground is influence from sorroundings and friends. Misdemeanor of CME pupil in this establishment is besides a sort of accustomed attitude. Because if we are gon na scan and read Office of Student Affair ( OSA ) record book you will happen about the same misdemeanor comitted by pupil. As a research worker I think it is hard from DCLC managament to halt this sort of job. I dont believe in fast and easy solution. I can propose to our school disposal to hold a closed monitoring of the pupil and do an action by making it step by measure. Is this DCLC desire? To hold a pupil who is a lawbreaker in their ain house regulations? As a pupil I will appreciate if the school disposal will be more strick when respects with our school dresscode. This survey is non conducted in DCLC because the research worker notice that the bulk of lawbreakers are the CME pupil. The instance about CME pupil that most of the pupil aren’t able to follow to the regulations and ordinance of the school premises. In order to hold alterations to CME pupils. This research will assist them to be more responsible and more subject. This Survey shows that this school twelvemonth 2012-2013 for CME pupil is the most figure of misdemeanor and and figure is multiplying as this school acquiring close to complete this school twelvemonth. We hope that this research will function as a aftermath up call to our darling school disposal to get down constructing a CME pupil which is subject and most of all high in moral. BEHAVIORAL THEORY Overview of Behavioral TheoriesBehaviorism. along with several newer fluctuations that have names like information processing theory. stress the acquisition of facts and accomplishments that governments. such as instructors or school boards. hold decided are of import. While these theories have many different names we will utilize the term behaviourism here. Name callings associated with behaviourism include John Watson. an American psychologist who was really influential in the 1920s and 1930s. Another American psychologist who had a enormous impact on instruction in the 1950s and 1960s. Behavioral attacks to learning by and large involve the followers: 1. Interrupting down the accomplishments and information to be learned into little units. 2. Checking student’s work on a regular basis and supplying feedback every bit good as encouragement ( support ) . 3. Teaching â€Å"out of context. † Behaviorists by and large believe that pupils can be taught best when the focal point is straight on the content to be taught. Behavioral direction frequently takes the stuff out of the context in which it will be used. 4. Direct or â€Å"teacher centered† direction. Lectures. tutorials. drills. presentations. and other signifiers of instructor controlled learning tend to rule behavioural schoolrooms. General Implications of Behavioral Theories Behavioral instruction and larning tends to concentrate on accomplishments that will be used subsequently. You learn facts about American history. for illustration. because it is assumed that cognizing those facts will do you a better citizen when you are an grownup. You learn basic mathematics computational accomplishments because you may necessitate them when you get a occupation. Behavioral acquisition does non. nevertheless. by and large ask you to really set the accomplishments or cognition you learn into usage in a â€Å"real† or â€Å"authentic† state of affairs. That will come subsequently when you graduate and acquire a occupation. The behavioural accent on interrupting down complex undertakings. such as larning to read. into subskills that are taught individually is really common in American schools today. In the simple school schoolroom. for illustration. pupils may pass many lessons on phonics accomplishments such as harmonic bunchs. vowel digram. and diphth ongs. Other literacy accomplishments such as appropriate utilizations of the comma may besides be taught in separate lessons. frequently by whole category talks followed by single drill activities. Input signal* Profile of the respondent* The nature of the violation/offense ( s )* The effects of misdemeanor on academic public presentation* To forestall the misdemeanor Procedure End product Causes of misdemeanor among DCLC CME pupils S. Y. 2012-2013 Statement of the jobThe research workers aim to find the â€Å"Causes and Effectss in DCLC misdemeanors among CME students† . Particularly the research workers seek to reply the undermentioned inquiry. 1. What is the personal profile of the respondent * Age* Gender* Year degree* Course* Status* Occupation 2. What are the Causes of violation/offenses?Major discourtesies ;* Cheating* Vandalism* Use of Prohibited Drugs* Joining Fraternity* BrawlsMinor discourtesies ;* Shouting in the corridors* Littering* Lending ID to another* Not have oning complete uniform* Smoking interior of school premises 3. What are the Effectss of misdemeanor on academic public presentation of pupils? * Failure in the topic due to absences* Low public presentation rate* Low ego regard* Warning* Suspension* Expulsion in committee of a major discourtesy ( s ) 4. Prevention of misdemeanor* Reding* Announcing of school policy* Management system* Self-discipline* Parental Guidance Significance of the surveyThis survey provided brief description on assorted significances on the undermentioned classs For the pupils. this will assist them to go a disciplined marine officer and globally competitory professionals. For the instructors. this will assist them to command the single behaviours of the pupils. For the school organisation. this will assist them to set the school behavioural policies such as attending ordinances and frock codifications. To future research workers. for them to hold footing for a more profound research for the interest of the pupils attitude. HypothesisIf the pupil does non follow those simple regulations and ordinance of school. so the pupil must be subjected in disciplinary action or guidance. Scope and Delimitation of the StudyThis survey focused on sing the Causes and Effect of misdemeanors in DCLC among CME pupils. The analysis involved of One-hundred ( 100 ) CME pupils who are presently enrolled during 2nd-semester SY 2012-2013. Premise:1. That the information gather are valid and dependable2. That the variables and indicants utilized in this survey are sufficient representatives of the classs of this surveies 3. That the findings will be utilized to inform the pupils of Doctor Carlos Lanting College among College of Maritime Education pupils 4. That the findings will be utilized to better the character of College Maritime Education pupils Chapter 2Related Literature and Surveies: â€Å"Causes of Violation among CME pupils of DCLC S. Y. 2012-2013† This chapter presents study of related literature and authorship of recognized experts. both of which have important bearing or relation to the job. It involves citation of the writer of the books and mention stuffs that may function as the footing for screening out and work outing some jobs that may be encountered in the development of the proposed survey. LOCAL Harmonizing to Commission on Filipino Overseas ( 2000 ) . school policies. regulations and ordinances are guidelines related to the internal administration of each of the Philippines school overseas. including their prescribed criterions. as defined and approved by their several regulating organic structures in conformity with jurisprudence. and the applicable policies. regulations and ordinances of DECS and its opposite number in the host state. Corporate attachment to school. behavioural policies may increase societal control and cut down disorganisation. which may in turn contribute to a positive safety civilization and decreased force at school. Interventions to increase attachment to school policies are needed peculiarly during early adolescent school old ages. All school functionaries. instructors and other employees or individuals hired by the establishment and all pupil leaders as good are individuals in authorization who are duty bound to implement the school’s regula tions and ordinances. Besides in attachment to the rule of authorization. all pupils are enjoined to take active portion in guaranting that school regulations and ordinances are observed. A Disciplinary Board ( DB ) is convened to decide disciplinary instances affecting major discourtesies. The DB is composed of the Coordinator of the Student Affairs. Year Level Head Teacher and the Class Adviser of the pupil concerned. Sanctions for misdemeanors can be unwritten warning or rebuke. written warning. suspension. community service. academic countenances. disciplinary probation/serious disciplinary probation ( DP and SDP ) . exclusion or dropping from the axial rotations and ejection. Wilma Guez and John Allen ( 2000 ) conducted a faculty entitled â€Å"Behavior Modification† . prepared in Uganda. and states that school is one of the roots that causes of certain behaviour. Beside the household. the school has likely the most of import socialization influence on kids and immature people. ForeignElton Report. DES. 1989 provinces that: â€Å"Research grounds suggests that pupils’ behaviour can be influenced by all the major characteristics and procedures of a school. These include the quality of its leading. schoolroom direction. behaviour policy. course of study. pastoral attention. edifices and physical environment. organisation and timetable and relationships with parents. † The secondary instruction issue I have chosen to concentrate on for this presentation is Whole School Behaviour Policies and how such policies can act upon the instruction and acquisition experiences in school through the usage of countenances and wagess. I chose this country to concentrate on because. as a pupil instructor on a teaching arrangement. behavior in schools is one of my biggest concerns and besides because. harmonizing to the Elton Report and other literature I have read. it appears that this is a major country of concern throughout secondary schools in the UK. The Elt on Report. a national question into subject in schools. was established by the Secretary of State for Education and Science in March 1989 in response to concern about the jobs confronting the instruction profession. Their undertaking was to â€Å"recommend action to the authorities. local governments. voluntary organic structures. governors. headteachers. instructors and parents aimed at bettering behavior in schools for effectual instruction and acquisition to take place† . ( Elton Report. DES. 1989 ) The Elton Report has formed the footing of much of the current statute law on school behavioral policies and offers counsel for schools in pulling up their ain behavior policies. Harmonizing to another author Walker. ( 1995 ) . pupils with accepted behavioural jobs should be taught together with usually acting kids to deter escalation of a hostile environment among the pupils ; cut down the stigmatisation of the pupils with behavioural jobs if there exists so ; made known to the other pupils that intercession accomplishments and attempts are being initialized by the pedagogues should any pupil demand aid ; help with monitoring and skill encouragement throughout the twenty-four hours and ; maximise generalisation. Some tests and research are presently being funded by private establishments in order to turn to the job that is going rampant among pupils and farther behavioural attacks are continuously being tried to come up with a particular. extremely individualised effectual methods of handling behavioural jobs. It is deemed necessary for the proper developmental and behavioural growing non merely of the scholars but besides of the hereafter. Some of the most cited attacks used in the United States of America include self-talking. combination of behavior therapy and cognitive speculation [ Kendall. 1993 ] promotes the development of a paradigm of â€Å"coping template† for persons. Problem work outing and analysis besides serves as a good medium for healthy look of choler and bitterness among pupils. It is indispensable that during the period when a kid faces injuries. the inexorable support and apprehension of parents is the key to positive passage of a immature head from holding jobs to happening solutions. In the Philippines for illustration. it is matter-of-fact that in myriad of school jobs and environmental favoritism. a strong support system consists of parents. 2nd degree family and the similar are ever present which hence promotes a more positive mentality on school and the analyzing old ages. Another set of likely efficient tactic to forestall behavioural development is the strengthening of household operation. This tactic includes extinguishing coercive parenting. rewarding of positive behaviours. besides known as positive support and look of clear outlooks. Acerate leaf to state. the community where the kids are turning and pass oning with should be made safe. supportive and contributing for turning and acquisition. The load of disciplinary and preventative steps for stamp downing behavioural jobs in immature 1s should non merely be solved inside the corners of the learning establishment. It is a united attempt between the home/ household where a turning kid is traveling. the community where they are interacting with. and the school where they meet their 2nd parents. Merely the conjoint effort of all the factors mentioned in the earlier sentence will do the end for the pupils possible. Another writer Kauffman claims that ( 2002 ) Due to a figure of factors runing from domestic maladroit quandary to environmental stressors and interpersonal accommodations. pressing work load on pupils and individuality constitution. they have to battle and win the challenges of everyday at place. inside the walls of their acquisition establishments or by and large in the environment should they wish to boom and intermix in absolutely. Bing a pupil is both disruptive and blissful. Having immature heads like they possess. it is certain that they are vulnerable to emphasize and maladjustment forms develop when they are overwhelmed by emphasis. Greater than mean classs and felicity during their acquisition old ages become distant when support from instructors. parents and communicating lines are non available. In fact. without equal behavioural support. these pupils are at hazard for hapless overall school accommodation. greater than mean rates of school dropout. increased rates of juvenile delinquency and big condemnable activity. and clinical jobs [ Kauffman. 2001 ] . Anger. aggression and break are among the few really prevailing misdemeanours observed among young person. Greater rates of school policy misdemeanors were associated with greater rates of school offense. The strongest association was between substance usage misdemeanors and offense ( high school: rate ratio [ RR ] . 3. 4. 95 % assurance bound [ CL ] . 2. 6-4. 6. in-between school: RR. 3. 8. CL. 2. 6?5. 4. simple schools: RR. 2. 4. 95 % CL. 1. 6?3. 6 ) . A one-unit addition in the hebdomadal hooky rate per 1000 pupils was associated with a six fold addition in the offense rate at the in-between school and a 10 % addition at the high school but had no evident association with offense in simple schools. A one-unit addition in the hebdomadal frock codification misdemeanor rate was linked to a 20 % addition in offense at the high school. They found out that Corporate attachment to school behavioural policies may increase societal control and cut down disorganisation. which may in turn contribute to a positive safety civilization and decreased force at school. Interventions to increase attachm ent to school policies are needed peculiarly during early adolescent school old ages. This is based on the survey conducted by Marizen Ramirez. PhD. Rizaldy R. Ferrer. PhD. Gang Cheng. MS. Joseph E. Cavanaugh. PhD. Corinne Peek-Asa. PhD. ( published online 26 November 2010 ) Chapter 3Methods of Research This chapter presents the methods and processs. which the research worker applied to garner the needed information. It includes the research design. respondent. trying techniques. instruments with its building. proof. disposal and retrieval. and statistical tool and intervention of informations Research DesignThe research worker utilized the descriptive method of research. The descriptive research attack is a basic research method that examines the state of affairs. as it exist in its current province. Descriptive research involves designation of properties of a peculiar phenomenon based on an experimental footing. or the geographic expedition of correlativity between two or more phenomena. ( Journal of concern A ; economic research- March 2007 ) . It is concerned with happening out what. when. where. or how much. so it is descriptive research. ( Donald R. Cooper. Pamela S. Schindler. 2008 ) . RespondentsThe research workers chose one-hundred ( 100 ) CME pupils enrolled at Dr. Carlos S. Lanting College ( DCLC ) . for the 2nd semester SY 2012-2013. This figure is considered dependable plenty to garner the needful responses for valid analysis and reading. Instruments and techniquesThe research workers used the undermentioned tools in garnering the needed information for the survey: Questionnaire. It was the primary beginning of informations. It contained inquiries. which answered the jobs stated in chapter 1. The respondents checked the item/s that letter writers to their reply to the inquiry. The responses were given numerical values. which were computed utilizing the needful statistical tool.

Pollution is a consistent demolition of the Earth Essay Example

Pollution is a consistent demolition of the Earth Paper Some people might think that using plastic bottles doesnt even affect our impute on pollution but it actually is one of the major causes of pollution in the ocean. Pollution is pressing issue that only we can solve through time and effort. So why does it really matter if we fix it? To save our planet and example of this displayed in a movie that came out recently by Paxar Studio, Wall-E. It is a story of a small robot, the only living thing left on the earth, and it is his duty to clean up the debris the humans had left behind. The whole planet had en consumed by all the trash and garbage that the humans just threw into the ocean and even space. This movie was a statement about what our actions are eventually going to lead too. To help get this issue under control it is going to take some time and effort on every ones part, even just the little things can make a huge difference if everyone would all participate. For instance if we all brought our own reusable bags to the department or grocery stores think of how many plastic bags would be saved. Or even just plastic water bottles if everyone just reused one. We will write a custom essay sample on Pollution is a consistent demolition of the Earth specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Pollution is a consistent demolition of the Earth specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Pollution is a consistent demolition of the Earth specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Everyone can make a difference in time; it just takes a little effort. In time the evidence of pollution in the ocean will become obvious even to the most oblivious people. It will invade the beaches and rivers of our own country; that is when it becomes our problem also. If we dont try to solve this issue it will spread all over the world invading our beaches in Florida or California. The pollution in the ocean is increasingly high and shows no signs stopping. Certain places in the world have already been affected by this issue and it only getting worse.

Electrophoresis essays

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Business formation and purpose - Essay Example BBC Worldwide has a number of other commercial ventures. Profits from these activities are returned to the BBC for investment in new programming and services (BBC, No Date). In the year 1922 by the public opinion, as well as the spectacular growth and popularity of radio in the United States, had attracted more public pressure on the authorities to deny a full service any longer. After five months of deliberation a company to be known as the British Broadcasting Company was to set up eight stations in major cities around the country. Like this the BBC was born. on November 14th 1922, The British Broadcasting Company started daily transmissions by that time more than one million ten-shilling (50p) authorization had been announced. In 1927 the company was restructured as a public corporation -the BBC which is known today- by its founding father, John (later Lord) Reith, but by this time an even newer technology was being developed -television. In 1926 Baird enlisted the aid of Selfridges in London to put on public demonstrations of his equipment., the BBCs official line was that Bairds pictures were well below standard and that they had too little potential for improvement (BBC, No Date). By 1932 the BBC started regular experimental broadcasting. They offered Baird a studio in their newly acquired premises in Portland Place, Britains first dedicated television studio, was housed in the basement of Broadcasting House, and it was from here that Baird continued to experiment and refine the new medium. Competition came from the Electronic and Music Industries (EMI), based in Hayes, Middlesex, where they had been working with the Marconi Company on developing a high definition system. In May of 1934 the British government appointed a committee for setting up a television service followed by the Seldom Report where The BBC was to be

The book of Ruth

The book of Ruth In the book of Ruth, the name Ruth itself means mercy. In the context of the book this mercy is to show that Gods grace and mercy is for all the people in Israel. Ruth was a poor woman and on top of all she was as well a foreigner which made her life more difficult. However, during her difficult time she was helped by another woman and helped her overcome her difficulties. This woman was older and through her experience in life was able to listen and give advice to Ruth. In return Ruth offered to her extreme loyalty. Ruth story is a historical novel which is based on real people and it signifies and points out a story of courage in difficult situations. It is set in the period of the Judges before the birth of King David however there is evidence that it was in reality written much later so much so about the time when the two tribes of Judah were set free and were allowed to go to Jerusalem. The story is divided in four episodes each exploring Ruths life. The first episode was about Ruth and Naomi that go to Bethlehem. This first act which can be regarded as a prologue discusses how Naomi and her family went to Moab. Naomi was Israelite and lived with her family, however an unfortunate event occurred. A storm destroyed their grain and there was famine among most of the people including Naomis family. This famine led such a family to go to leave their home, Naomi with her family had to go and live in another country, specifically that of Moab. Naomi with her husband had two sons and later they got married. Due to circumstances Naomis husband and sons die. Heavy hearted she sees fit that she returns to Bethlehem. Naomi had two daughters in law who were Ruth and Orpah. The three women ended up being widows and in ancient Israel there were not allowed to remarry because their dead husbands were still considered to be families. However one must keep in mind that the daughters in law were not Israelites, unlike Naomi they were Moabites which were considered bitter enemies. So much so, there a few battles between them. This is so because the Israelites regarded the Moabites as inferior because according to hem they originated from an act of incest between Lot and his oldest daughter. This led to the believe, that the Moab nation was tainted. Naomi, regarding all this hatred among the two groups believed that her daughters in law Ruth and Orpah would not go to Bethlehem with her. However Naomis hope was not completely lost. Orpah decided to be in Moab among her people, but Ruth saw things in a different light. Ruth shared the same grief and loneliness that Naomi was facing and this led her to accompany Naomi and return with her to Bethlehem. The second episode of the book of Ruth takes a different shape. Naomi was a widow but still she had family connections. On top of that both Naomi and Ruth were women of initiative; they did not believe that things were going to happen by themselves. Case in point, at that times women mostly took action in food management and production and Ruth took part in gleaning the barley so that she and Naomi survive. Naomi had a relative on her husbands side, who he was rich and went by the name of Boaz. As Ruth usually did, she had to do gleaning in order to survive and she ended up gleaning in a field belonging to Boaz. She came and gleaned in the field behind the reapers. As it happened, she came to the part of the field belonging to Boaz, who was of the family of Elimelech. Just then Boaz came from Bethlehem. (Ruth Episode 2:1-7) One must notice that in such an event, Ruth uses the phrase as it happened; this signifies the meaning that God indented this scene to happen. This phrase is often used in the bible to bestow the greatness of God to establish such scenes. Also, Naomi and the people of Bethlehem saw that Boaz was a good match for Ruth and encouraged her to him. Naomi believed that Ruth was good enough for Boaz as she was a good woman and respected, all her problems would cease if she just could have a rich husband. She saw through Boaz that he was perfect for Ruth, for he had a good nature, respected as well, rich and obligated to help them as he was a relative of Naomi. Boaz was a go-el who had a duty to aid the respective family if the husband died. Like Naomi believed, Boaz helped Ruth so much so, he went through many ordeals to gain extra grain for her, protected her and saw that she was properly fed. Through his help and care, God was opening a branch for destiny to occur. The third episode takes place at the threshing floor which is a perfect time of the year as the harvest would have been brought in and weather would still be warm. Naomi thought that this was the last chance that Ruth had to marry Boaz so it was here that she devised a plan for Boaz to propose to Ruth. Ruth thought that the idea of her marrying Boaz was mere fantasy because she was a poor Moab woman while he had high status and rich however she still listened to Naomi and she heeded her words. When Boaz had eaten and drunk, and he was in a contented mood, he went to lie down at the end of the heap of grain. Then she came stealthily and uncovered his feet, and lay down. Ruth dressed well, perfumed herself and waited until Boaz had eaten a good meal. Afterwards, Boaz went to sleep and Naomi went near his place and lied down next to him. cover her with his blanket This phrase suggests that since Boaz is the go-el, a kinsman, Ruth has the right to demand marriage so this phrase suggests marriage. Boaz agreed however he had some dire news that his cousin was a much closer kinsman than he is. Boaz had to deal with his cousin before he could marry her and he had to do everything in order so there would be no questioning about the legality of the marriage. Ruth slept and stayed next to Boaz till the morning and returned to Naomi. Naomi was eager to know whether she would marry him, but she was not alone as so was Ruth eager to know whether they will marry or not. This leads to the fourth and final episode of Ruths book. As what happens in every place, the villages come to know what is happening as Boaz, the next morning, was already met by the nearest kinsman of Naomis family. However due to some negotiations concerning land finally Ruth and Boaz got married and they had their son Obed being the father of Jesse who was the father of David, who he united Israel to its greatness. Blessed be the Lord, who has not left you this day without next of kin. May his name be renowned in Israel! He shall be to you a restorer of life and a nourishment for your old age. For your daughter-in-law who loves you, who is more to you than seven sons, has borne him. Then Naomi took the child and laid him in her bosom, and became his nurse. (Ruth Episode 4:1-22) As one can see, the book of Ruth deals with how family continues throughout generations amplifying their greatness as the former Ruth was a woman who had no children but events folded in such a way that she became the great grandmother of David. It also puts forth a message about dealing with problems. In the beginning Ruth had nothing left, only Naomi however she embraced the little she had and did not lose hope. Even a poor Moab woman as Ruth through Gods aid was able to fulfil her destiny. The religious aspects of the Book of Ruth deal also with practicality. All the themes conveyed such as love, generosity and most importantly to trust in each other brings out the meaning that no matters how badly events occur, goodness exists and it is achieved through effort and hard work. Given this fact, one can understand why the book of Ruth was written. Gods purpose may be fulfilled in many ways, some of them even unexpected. Gods love is for everyone and not only to the people of Israel. The story reveals Gods character in His faithfulness in regards to chosen people. Ruth is Gods instrument to bless the nations. Old Testament narratives reveal the character of God and he is revealed as the provider of the helpless. In the book of Ruth, God provides Boaz, the nearest kinsmen to ultimately meet Ruth. Boaz becomes Ruths husband and also reclaims the rightful home for Naomi. Boaz is one who redeems; he redeemed Ruth as she was a victim of poverty, she was unprotected and no one provided for her. The story provides a lesson on love and kindness. As we see from the very beginning, in the first episode, Ruth gave everything she had for Naomi her mother-in-law. This shows Ruths sacrificial character, so much so, Boaz noticed Ruth ability to give more than to receive back. Case in point, in the book of Ruth; it is stated that; Against the dark moral and ethical backdrop of the Judges period, the foreigner Ruth emerges as a paradigm of loyal love and of the kind of person the Lord is looking for to populate his covenant community. The tragedy of the beginning sets the story in motion as then there is the will to search for a special something that will restore balance. Naomi and Ruth are stricken by tragedy and this leads them to no hope of provision as they were childless. Naomi considers herself cursed by God, she sees no hope of security but then everything changes by Gods will through Ruth. A hero is someone who sacrifices his own needs to help others; Ruth is a heroine and saves Naomi. She sacrifices her security and the likelihood of marriage to remain loyal to Naomi however Naomis rule changes and adapts throughout the story. In the beginning she tries her best to dissuade Ruth to come with her to Bethlehem. However later on, when she accepts the fact that Ruth will accompany her, she wants her to marry Boaz. She even provides a plan on how to do so; this makes Naomi a complicated character throughout the story. When this change of attitude occurs, Naomi regards herself as vessel to bring about Gods voi ce. She actively prepares Ruth and Boaz for marriage and does her best in doing so. Even though the book is entitles Ruth, the story revolves around Naomi and her perspective. However, one cannot pass unnoticed the fact that is about God and His loving kindness to act as a provider for Ruth and Naomi. References: Books: Hubbard RL., JR., The Book of Ruth, Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Websites: http://www.wcg.org/lit/bible/hist/ruth1.htm http://www.womeninthebible.net/1.13.Ruth.htm http://www.americanbible.org/absport/news/item.php?id=151